═══ 1. Title page ═══

                            The gnu Binary Utilities

                                   Version 2.6

                                    May 1993

                                 Roland H. Pesch

                                 Jeffrey M. Osier

                                  Cygnus Support

Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual 
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all 
copies. 

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual 
under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the entire 
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice 
identical to this one. 

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into 
another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. 


═══ 2. Top node: "Introduction" ═══

This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the gnu binary 
utilities (collectively version 2.6): 

 ar                                      Create, modify, and extract from 
                                         archives 


 nm                                      List symbols from object files 
 objcopy                                 Copy and translate object files 
 objdump                                 Display information from object files 
 ranlib                                  Generate index to archive contents 
 size                                    List section sizes and total size 
 strings                                 List printable strings from files 
 strip                                   Discard symbols 
 c++filt                                 Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols 
 nlmconv                                 Converts object code into an NLM 
 Selecting The Target System             How these utilities determine the 
                                         target. 
 Index 


═══ 3. ar ═══

ar [-]p[mod [relpos]] archive [member...]
ar -M [ <mri-script ]

The gnu ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives.  An archive 
is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes 
it possible to retrieve the original individual files (called members of the 
archive). 

The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and group 
are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on extraction. 

gnu ar can maintain archives whose members have names of any length; however, 
depending on how ar is configured on your system, a limit on member-name length 
may be imposed for compatibility with archive formats maintained with other 
tools.  If it exists, the limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats 
related to a.out) or 16 characters (typical of formats related to coff). 

ar is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are most often 
used as libraries holding commonly needed subroutines. 

ar creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object modules in the 
archive when you specify the modifier `s'. Once created, this index is updated 
in the archive whenever ar makes a change to its contents (save for the `q' 
update operation). An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the 
library, and allows routines in the library to call each other without regard 
to their placement in the archive. 

You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index table.  If an 
archive lacks the table, another form of ar called ranlib can be used to add 
just the table. 

gnu ar is designed to be compatible with two different facilities.  You can 
control its activity using command-line options, like the different varieties 
of ar on Unix systems; or, if you specify the single command-line option `-M', 
you can control it with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI 
``librarian'' program. 

 ar cmdline                              Controlling ar on the command line 
 ar scripts                              Controlling ar with a script 


═══ 3.1. Controlling ar on the command line ═══

ar [-]p[mod [relpos]] archive [member...]

When you use ar in the Unix style, ar insists on at least two arguments to 
execute: one keyletter specifying the operation (optionally accompanied by 
other keyletters specifying modifiers), and the archive name to act on. 

Most operations can also accept further member arguments, specifying particular 
files to operate on. 

gnu ar allows you to mix the operation code p and modifier flags mod in any 
order, within the first command-line argument. 

If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a dash. 

The p keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of the 
following, but you must specify only one of them: 

 d 
           Delete modules from the archive.  Specify the names of modules to be 
           deleted as member...; the archive is untouched if you specify no 
           files to delete. 

           If you specify the `v' modifier, ar lists each module as it is 
           deleted. 

 m 
           Use this operation to move members in an archive. 

           The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how 
           programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in 
           more than one member. 

           If no modifiers are used with m, any members you name in the member 
           arguments are moved to the end of the archive; you can use the `a', 
           `b', or `i' modifiers to move them to a specified place instead. 

 p 
           Print the specified members of the archive, to the standard output 
           file.  If the `v' modifier is specified, show the member name before 
           copying its contents to standard output. 

           If you specify no member arguments, all the files in the archive are 
           printed. 

 q 
           Quick append; add the files member... to the end of archive, without 
           checking for replacement. 

           The modifiers `a', `b', and `i' do not affect this operation; new 
           members are always placed at the end of the archive. 

           The modifier `v' makes ar list each file as it is appended. 

           Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol 
           table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use 
           `ar s' or ranlib explicitly to update the symbol table index. 

 r 
           Insert the files member... into archive (with replacement). This 
           operation differs from `q' in that any previously existing members 
           are deleted if their names match those being added. 

           If one of the files named in member... does not exist, ar displays 
           an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members of the 
           archive matching that name. 

           By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you 
           may use one of the modifiers `a', `b', or `i' to request placement 
           relative to some existing member. 

           The modifier `v' used with this operation elicits a line of output 
           for each file inserted, along with one of the letters `a' or `r' to 
           indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) or 
           replaced. 

 t 
           Display a table listing the contents of archive, or those of the 
           files listed in member... that are present in the archive.  Normally 
           only the member name is shown; if you also want to see the modes 
           (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can request 
           that by also specifying the `v' modifier. 

           If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are listed. 

           If there is more than one file with the same name (say, `fie') in an 
           archive (say `b.a'), `ar t b.a fie' lists only the first instance; 
           to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing---in our 
           example, `ar t b.a'. 

 x 
           Extract members (named member) from the archive.  You can use the 
           `v' modifier with this operation, to request that ar list each name 
           as it extracts it. 

           If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are 
           extracted. 

 A number of modifiers (mod) may immediately follow the p keyletter, to specify 
 variations on an operation's behavior: 

 a 
           Add new files after an existing member of the archive.  If you use 
           the modifier `a', the name of an existing archive member must be 
           present as the relpos argument, before the archive specification. 

 b 
           Add new files before an existing member of the archive.  If you use 
           the modifier `b', the name of an existing archive member must be 
           present as the relpos argument, before the archive specification. 
           (same as `i'). 

 c 
           Create the archive.  The specified archive is always created if it 
           did not exist, when you request an update.  But a warning is issued 
           unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by using 
           this modifier. 

 f 
           Truncate names in the archive.  gnu ar will normally permit file 
           names of any length.  This will cause it to create archives which 
           are not compatible with the native ar program on some systems.  If 
           this is a concern, the `f' modifier may be used to truncate file 
           names when putting them in the archive. 

 i 
           Insert new files before an existing member of the archive.  If you 
           use the modifier `i', the name of an existing archive member must be 
           present as the relpos argument, before the archive specification. 
           (same as `b'). 

 l 
           This modifier is accepted but not used. 

 o 
           Preserve the original dates of members when extracting them.  If you 
           do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive are 
           stamped with the time of extraction. 

 s 
           Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing 
           one, even if no other change is made to the archive.  You may use 
           this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone.  Running `ar 
           s' on an archive is equivalent to running `ranlib' on it. 

 u 
           Normally, `ar r'... inserts all files listed into the archive.  If 
           you would like to insert only those of the files you list that are 
           newer than existing members of the same names, use this modifier. 
           The `u' modifier is allowed only for the operation `r' (replace). 
           In particular, the combination `qu' is not allowed, since checking 
           the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from the operation 
           `q'. 

 v 
           This modifier requests the verbose version of an operation.  Many 
           operations display additional information, such as filenames 
           processed, when the modifier `v' is appended. 

 V 
           This modifier shows the version number of ar. 


═══ 3.2. Controlling ar with a script ═══

ar -M [ <script ]

If you use the single command-line option `-M' with ar, you can control its 
operation with a rudimentary command language.  This form of ar operates 
interactively if standard input is coming directly from a terminal.  During 
interactive use, ar prompts for input (the prompt is `AR >'), and continues 
executing even after errors.  If you redirect standard input to a script file, 
no prompts are issued, and ar abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) on 
any error. 

The ar command language is not designed to be equivalent to the command-line 
options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control over archives.  The only 
purpose of the command language is to ease the transition to gnu ar for 
developers who already have scripts written for the MRI ``librarian'' program. 

The syntax for the ar command language is straightforward: 

     commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, LIST is the 
      same as list.  In the following descriptions, commands are shown in upper 
      case for clarity. 

     a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the 
      line. 

     empty lines are allowed, and have no effect. 

     comments are allowed; text after either of the characters `*' or `;' is 
      ignored. 

     Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an ar 
      command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or 
      blanks.  Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity. 

     `+' is used as a line continuation character; if `+' appears at the end 
      of a line, the text on the following line is considered part of the 
      current command. 

 Here are the commands you can use in ar scripts, or when using ar 
 interactively.  Three of them have special significance: 

 OPEN or CREATE specify a current archive, which is a temporary file required 
 for most of the other commands. 

 SAVE commits the changes so far specified by the script.  Prior to SAVE, 
 commands affect only the temporary copy of the current archive. 

 ADDLIB archive 
 ADDLIB archive (module, module, ... module) 
           Add all the contents of archive (or, if specified, each named module 
           from archive) to the current archive. 

           Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE. 

 ADDMOD member, member, ... member 
           Add each named member as a module in the current archive. 

           Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE. 

 CLEAR 
           Discard the contents of the current archive, cancelling the effect 
           of any operations since the last SAVE.  May be executed (with no 
           effect) even if  no current archive is specified. 

 CREATE archive 
           Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for 
           many other commands).  The new archive is created with a temporary 
           name; it is not actually saved as archive until you use SAVE. You 
           can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any 
           existing file named archive will not be destroyed until SAVE. 

 DELETE module, module, ... module 
           Delete each listed module from the current archive; equivalent to 
           `ar -d archive module ... module'. 

           Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE. 

 DIRECTORY archive (module, ... module) 
 DIRECTORY archive (module, ... module) outputfile 
           List each named module present in archive.  The separate command 
           VERBOSE specifies the form of the output: when verbose output is 
           off, output is like that of `ar -t archive module...'.  When verbose 
           output is on, the listing is like `ar -tv archive module...'. 

           Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you 
           specify outputfile as a final argument, ar directs the output to 
           that file. 

 END 
           Exit from ar, with a 0 exit code to indicate successful completion. 
           This command does not save the output file; if you have changed the 
           current archive since the last SAVE command, those changes are lost. 

 EXTRACT module, module, ... module 
           Extract each named module from the current archive, writing them 
           into the current directory as separate files.  Equivalent to `ar -x 
           archive module...'. 

           Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE. 

 LIST 
           Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style 
           regardless of the state of VERBOSE.  The effect is like `ar tv 
           archive').  (This single command is a gnu ld enhancement, rather 
           than present for MRI compatibility.) 

           Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE. 

 OPEN archive 
           Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required 
           for many other commands).  Any changes as the result of subsequent 
           commands will not actually affect archive until you next use SAVE. 

 REPLACE module, module, ... module 
           In the current archive, replace each existing module (named in the 
           REPLACE arguments) from files in the current working directory. To 
           execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module 
           in the current archive, must exist. 

           Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE. 

 VERBOSE 
           Toggle an internal flag governing the output from DIRECTORY. When 
           the flag is on, DIRECTORY output matches output from `ar -tv '.... 

 SAVE 
           Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as 
           a file with the name specified in the last CREATE or OPEN command. 

           Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE. 


═══ 4. nm ═══

nm [ -a | --debug-syms ]  [ -g | --extern-only ]
   [ -B ]  [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
   [ -s | --print-armap ]  [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
   [ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ]  [ -p | --no-sort ]
   [ -r | --reverse-sort ]  [ --size-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
   [ -t radix | --radix=radix ] [ -P | --portability ]
   [ --target=bfdname ] [ -f format | --format=format ]
   [ --no-demangle ] [ -V | --version ]  [ --help ]  [ objfile... ]

gnu nm lists the symbols from object files objfile.... If no object files are 
listed as arguments, nm assumes `a.out'. 

For each symbol, nm shows: 

     The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or 
      hexadecimal by default. 

     The symbol type.  At least the following types are used; others are, as 
      well, depending on the object file format.  If lowercase, the symbol is 
      local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). 

      A 
                     Absolute. 

      B 
                     BSS (uninitialized data). 

      C 
                     Common. 

      D 
                     Initialized data. 

      I 
                     Indirect reference. 

      T 
                     Text (program code). 

      U 
                     Undefined. 

     The symbol name. 

 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are 
 equivalent. 

 -A 
 -o 
 --print-file-name 
           Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive 
           element) in which it was found, rather than identifying the input 
           file once only, before all of its symbols. 

 -a 
 --debug-syms 
           Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are 
           not listed. 

 -B 
           The same as `--format=bsd' (for compatibility with the MIPS nm). 

 -C 
 --demangle 
           Decode (demangle) low-level symbol names into user-level names. 
           Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, 
           this makes C++ function names readable.  See c++filt, for more 
           information on demangling. 

 --no-demangle 
           Do not demangle low-level symbol names.  This is the default. 

 -D 
 --dynamic 
           Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols.  This is 
           only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared 
           libraries. 

 -f format 
 --format=format 
           Use the output format format, which can be bsd, sysv, or posix.  The 
           default is bsd. Only the first character of format is significant; 
           it can be either upper or lower case. 

 -g 
 --extern-only 
           Display only external symbols. 

 -n 
 -v 
 --numeric-sort 
           Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than 
           alphabetically by their names. 

 -p 
 --no-sort 
           Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the 
           order encountered. 

 -P 
 --portability 
           Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default 
           format. Equivalent to `-f posix'. 

 -s 
 --print-armap 
           When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a 
           mapping (stored in the archive by ar or ranlib) of which modules 
           contain definitions for which names. 

 -r 
 --reverse-sort 
           Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let 
           the last come first. 

 --size-sort 
           Sort symbols by size.  The size is computed as the difference 
           between the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the 
           next higher value.  The size of the symbol is printed, rather than 
           the value. 

 -t radix 
 --radix=radix 
           Use radix as the radix for printing the symbol values.  It must be 
           `d' for decimal, `o' for octal, or `x' for hexadecimal. 

 --target=bfdname 
           Specify an object code format other than your system's default 
           format. See Target Selection, for more information. 

 -u 
 --undefined-only 
           Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). 

 -V 
 --version 
           Show the version number of nm and exit. 

 --help 
           Show a summary of the options to nm and exit. 


═══ 5. objcopy ═══

objcopy [ -F bfdname | --target=bfdname ]
        [ -I bfdname | --input-target=bfdname ]
        [ -O bfdname | --output-target=bfdname ]
        [ -S | --strip-all ]  [ -g | --strip-debug ]
        [ -K symbolname | --keep-symbol=symbolname ]
        [ -N symbolname | --strip-symbol=symbolname ]
        [ -x | --discard-all ]  [ -X | --discard-locals ]
        [ -b byte | --byte=byte ]
        [ -i interleave | --interleave=interleave ]
        [ -R sectionname | --remove-section=sectionname ]
        [ --gap-fill=val ] [ --pad-to=address ]
        [ --set-start=val ] [ --adjust-start=incr ]
        [ --adjust-vma=incr ]
        [ --adjust-section-vma=section{=,+,-}val ]
        [ --adjust-warnings ] [ --no-adjust-warnings ]
        [ --set-section-flags=section=flags ]
        [ --add-section=sectionname=filename ]
        [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ]  [ --help ]
        infile [outfile]

The gnu objcopy utility copies the contents of an object file to another. 
objcopy uses the gnu bfd Library to read and write the object files.  It can 
write the destination object file in a format different from that of the source 
object file.  The exact behavior of objcopy is controlled by command-line 
options. 

objcopy creates temporary files to do its translations and deletes them 
afterward.  objcopy uses bfd to do all its translation work; it has access to 
all the formats described in bfd and thus is able to recognize most formats 
without being told explicitly.  See BFD. 

objcopy can be used to generate S-records by using an output target of `srec' 
(e.g., use `-O srec'). 

objcopy can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an output target of 
`binary' (e.g., use `-O binary').  When objcopy generates a raw binary file, it 
will essentially produce a memory dump of the contents of the input object 
file.  All symbols and relocation information will be discarded.  The memory 
dump will start at the virtual address of the lowest section copied into the 
output file. 

When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to use `-S' 
to remove sections containing debugging information.  In some cases `-R' will 
be useful to remove sections which contain information which is not needed by 
the binary file. 

 infile 
 outfile 
           The source and output files, respectively. If you do not specify 
           outfile, objcopy creates a temporary file and destructively renames 
           the result with the name of infile. 

 -I bfdname 
 --input-target=bfdname 
           Consider the source file's object format to be bfdname, rather than 
           attempting to deduce it.  See Target Selection, for more 
           information. 

 -O bfdname 
 --output-target=bfdname 
           Write the output file using the object format bfdname. See Target 
           Selection, for more information. 

 -F bfdname 
 --target=bfdname 
           Use bfdname as the object format for both the input and the output 
           file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no 
           translation.  See Target Selection, for more information. 

 -R sectionname 
 --remove-section=sectionname 
           Remove any section named sectionname from the output file.  This 
           option may be given more than once.  Note that using this option 
           inappropriately may make the output file unusable. 

 -S 
 --strip-all 
           Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. 

 -g 
 --strip-debug 
           Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file. 

 --strip-unneeded 
           Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. 

 -K symbolname 
 --keep-symbol=symbolname 
           Copy only symbol symbolname from the source file.  This option may 
           be given more than once. 

 -N symbolname 
 --strip-symbol=symbolname 
           Do not copy symbol symbolname from the source file.  This option may 
           be given more than once, and may be combined with strip options 
           other than -K. 

 -x 
 --discard-all 
           Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. 

 -X 
 --discard-locals 
           Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start 
           with `L' or `.'.) 

 -b byte 
 --byte=byte 
           Keep only every byteth byte of the input file (header data is not 
           affected).  byte can be in the range from 0 to interleave-1, where 
           interleave is given by the `-i' or `--interleave' option, or the 
           default of 4.  This option is useful for creating files to program 
           rom.  It is typically used with an srec output target. 

 -i interleave 
 --interleave=interleave 
           Only copy one out of every interleave bytes.  Select which byte to 
           copy with the -b or `--byte' option.  The default is 4. objcopy 
           ignores this option if you do not specify either `-b' or `--byte'. 

 --gap-fill val 
           Fill gaps between sections with val.  This is done by increasing the 
           size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra 
           space created with val. 

 --pad-to address 
           Pad the output file up to the virtual address address.  This is done 
           by increasing the size of the last section.  The extra space is 
           filled in with the value specified by `--gap-fill' (default zero). 

 --set-start val 
           Set the address of the new file to val.  Not all object file formats 
           support setting the start address. 

 --adjust-start incr 
           Adjust the start address by adding incr.  Not all object file 
           formats support setting the start address. 

 --adjust-vma incr 
           Adjust the address of all sections, as well as the start address, by 
           adding incr.  Some object file formats do not permit section 
           addresses to be changed arbitrarily.  Note that this does not 
           relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded 
           at a certain address, and this option is used to change the sections 
           such that they are loaded at a different address, the program may 
           fail. 

 --adjust-section-vma section{=,+,-}val 
           Set or adjust the address of the named section.  If `=' is used, the 
           section address is set to val.  Otherwise, val is added to or 
           subtracted from the section address.  See the comments under 
           `--adjust-vma', above.  If section does not exist in the input file, 
           a warning will be issued, unless `--no-adjust-warnings' is used. 

 --adjust-warnings 
           If `--adjust-section-vma' is used, and the named section does not 
           exist, issue a warning.  This is the default. 

 --no-adjust-warnings 
           Do not issue a warning if `--adjust-section-vma' is used, even if 
           the named section does not exist. 

 --set-section-flags section=flags 
           Set the flags for the named section.  The flags argument is a comma 
           separated string of flag names.  The recognized names are `alloc', 
           `load', `readonly', `code', `data', and `rom'.  Not all flags are 
           meaningful for all object file formats. 

 --add-section sectionname=filename 
           Add a new section named sectionname while copying the file.  The 
           contents of the new section are taken from the file filename.  The 
           size of the section will be the size of the file.  This option only 
           works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary 
           names. 

 -V 
 --version 
           Show the version number of objcopy. 

 -v 
 --verbose 
           Verbose output: list all object files modified.  In the case of 
           archives, `objcopy -V' lists all members of the archive. 

 --help 
           Show a summary of the options to objcopy. 


═══ 6. objdump ═══

objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ]
        [ -b bfdname | --target=bfdname ]
        [ -d | --disassemble ]  [ -D | --disassemble-all ]
        [ -f | --file-headers ]
        [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ]  [ -i | --info ]
        [ -j section | --section=section ]
        [ -l | --line-numbers ] [ -S | --source ]
        [ -m machine | --architecture=machine ]
        [ -r | --reloc ] [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ]
        [ -s | --full-contents ]  [ --stabs ]
        [ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ]
        [ -w | --wide ] [ --start-address=address ]
        [ --stop-address=address ] [ --version ]  [ --help ]
        objfile...

objdump displays information about one or more object files. The options 
control what particular information to display.  This information is mostly 
useful to programmers who are working on the compilation tools, as opposed to 
programmers who just want their program to compile and work. 

objfile... are the object files to be examined.  When you specify archives, 
objdump shows information on each of the member object files. 

The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are 
equivalent.  At least one option besides `-l' must be given. 

 -a 
 --archive-header 
           If any of the objfile files are archives, display the archive header 
           information (in a format similar to `ls -l').  Besides the 
           information you could list with `ar tv', `objdump -a' shows the 
           object file format of each archive member. 

 -b bfdname 
 --target=bfdname 
           Specify that the object-code format for the object files is bfdname. 
           This option may not be necessary; objdump can automatically 
           recognize many formats. 

           For example, 

                      objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o

           displays summary information from the section headers (`-h') of 
           `fu.o', which is explicitly identified (`-m') as a VAX object file 
           in the format produced by Oasys compilers.  You can list the formats 
           available with the `-i' option. See Target Selection, for more 
           information. 

 -d 
 --disassemble 
           Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from 
           objfile.  This option only disassembles those sections which are 
           expected to contain instructions. 

 -D 
 --disassemble-all 
           Like `-d', but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just 
           those expected to contain instructions. 

 -f 
 --file-header 
           Display summary information from the overall header of each of the 
           objfile files. 

 -h 
 --section-header 
 --header 
           Display summary information from the section headers of the object 
           file. 

           File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example 
           by using the `-Ttext', `-Tdata', or `-Tbss' options to ld.  However, 
           some object file formats, such as a.out, do not store the starting 
           address of the file segments.  In those situations, although ld 
           relocates the sections correctly, using `objdump -h' to list the 
           file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. Instead, it 
           shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the target. 

 --help 
           Print a summary of the options to objdump and exit. 

 -i 
 --info 
           Display a list showing all architectures and object formats 
           available for specification with `-b' or `-m'. 

 -j name 
 --section=name 
           Display information only for section name. 

 -l 
 --line-numbers 
           Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename 
           and source line numbers corresponding to the object code shown. Only 
           useful with `-d' or `-D'. 

 -m machine 
 --architecture=machine 
           Specify that the object files objfile are for architecture machine. 
           You can list available architectures using the `-i' option. 

 -r 
 --reloc 
           Print the relocation entries of the file.  If used with `-d' or 
           `-D', the relocations are printed interspersed with the disassembly. 

 -R 
 --dynamic-reloc 
           Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file.  This is only 
           meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared 
           libraries. 

 -s 
 --full-contents 
           Display the full contents of any sections requested. 

 -S 
 --source 
           Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. 
           Implies `-d'. 

 --stabs 
           Display the full contents of any sections requested.  Display the 
           contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from 
           an ELF file.  This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) 
           in which .stab debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF 
           section.  In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries 
           are interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the 
           `--syms' output. 

 --start-address=address 
           Start displaying data at the specified address.  This affects the 
           output of the -d, -r and -s options. 

 --stop-address=address 
           Stop displaying data at the specified address.  This affects the 
           output of the -d, -r and -s options. 

 -t 
 --syms 
           Print the symbol table entries of the file. This is similar to the 
           information provided by the `nm' program. 

 -T 
 --dynamic-syms 
           Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file.  This is only 
           meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared 
           libraries.  This is similar to the information provided by the `nm' 
           program when given the `-D' (`--dynamic') option. 

 --version 
           Print the version number of objdump and exit. 

 -x 
 --all-header 
           Display all available header information, including the symbol table 
           and relocation entries.  Using `-x' is equivalent to specifying all 
           of `-a -f -h -r -t'. 

 -w 

 --wide 
           Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns. 


═══ 7. ranlib ═══

ranlib [-vV] archive

ranlib generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores it in the 
archive.  The index lists each symbol defined by a member of an archive that is 
a relocatable object file. 

You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index. 

An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and allows 
routines in the library to call each other without regard to their placement in 
the archive. 

The gnu ranlib program is another form of gnu ar; running ranlib is completely 
equivalent to executing `ar -s'. See ar. 

 -v 
 -V 
           Show the version number of ranlib. 


═══ 8. size ═══

size [ -A | -B | --format=compatibility ]
     [ --help ]  [ -d | -o | -x | --radix=number ]
     [ --target=bfdname ]  [ -V | --version ]
     objfile...

The gnu size utility lists the section sizes---and the total size---for each of 
the object or archive files objfile in its argument list.  By default, one line 
of output is generated for each object file or each module in an archive. 

objfile... are the object files to be examined. 

The command line options have the following meanings: 

 -A 
 -B 
 --format=compatibility 
           Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from 
           gnu size resembles output from System V size (using `-A', or 
           `--format=sysv'), or Berkeley size (using `-B', or 
           `--format=berkeley').  The default is the one-line format similar to 
           Berkeley's. 

           Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from 
           size: 

                      size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
                      text    data    bss     dec     hex     filename
                      294880  81920   11592   388392  5ed28   ranlib
                      294880  81920   11888   388688  5ee50   size

           This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions: 

                      size --format=SysV ranlib size
                      ranlib  :
                      section         size         addr
                      .text         294880         8192
                      .data          81920       303104
                      .bss           11592       385024
                      Total         388392

                      size  :
                      section         size         addr
                      .text         294880         8192
                      .data          81920       303104
                      .bss           11888       385024
                      Total         388688

 --help 
           Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options. 

 -d 
 -o 
 -x 
 --radix=number 
           Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each 
           section is given in decimal (`-d', or `--radix=10'); octal (`-o', or 
           `--radix=8'); or hexadecimal (`-x', or `--radix=16').  In 
           `--radix=number', only the three values (8, 10, 16) are supported. 
           The total size is always given in two radices; decimal and 
           hexadecimal for `-d' or `-x' output, or octal and hexadecimal if 
           you're using `-o'. 

 --target=bfdname 
           Specify that the object-code format for objfile is bfdname.  This 
           option may not be necessary; size can automatically recognize many 
           formats. See Target Selection, for more information. 

 -V 
 --version 
           Display the version number of size. 


═══ 9. strings ═══

strings [-afov] [-min-len] [-n min-len] [-t radix] [-]
        [--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=min-len]
        [--radix=radix] [--target=bfdname]
        [--help] [--version] file...

For each file given, gnu strings prints the printable character sequences that 
are at least 4 characters long (or the number given with the options below) and 
are followed by an unprintable character.  By default, it only prints the 
strings from the initialized and loaded sections of object files; for other 
types of files, it prints the strings from the whole file. 

strings is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text files. 

 -a 
 --all 
 - 
           Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object 
           files; scan the whole files. 

 -f 
 --print-file-name 
           Print the name of the file before each string. 

 --help 
           Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and 
           exit. 
           -min-len 

 -n min-len 
 --bytes=min-len 
           Print sequences of characters that are at least min-len characters 
           long, instead of the default 4. 

 -o 
           Like `-t o'.  Some other versions of strings have `-o' act like `-t 
           d' instead.  Since we can not be compatible with both ways, we 
           simply chose one. 

 -t radix 
 --radix=radix 
           Print the offset within the file before each string.  The single 
           character argument specifies the radix of the offset---`o' for 
           octal, `x' for hexadecimal, or `d' for decimal. 

 --target=bfdname 
           Specify an object code format other than your system's default 
           format. See Target Selection, for more information. 

 -v 
 --version 
           Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. 


═══ 10. strip ═══

strip [ -F bfdname | --target=bfdname | --target=bfdname ]
      [ -I bfdname | --input-target=bfdname ]
      [ -O bfdname | --output-target=bfdname ]
      [ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ]
      [ -K symbolname | --keep-symbol=symbolname ]
      [ -N symbolname | --strip-symbol=symbolname ]
      [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
      [ -R sectionname | --remove-section=sectionname ]
      [ -v | --verbose ]  [ -V | --version ]  [ --help ]
      objfile...

gnu strip discards all symbols from object files objfile.  The list of object 
files may include archives. At least one object file must be given. 

strip modifies the files named in its argument, rather than writing modified 
copies under different names. 

 -F bfdname 
 --target=bfdname 
           Treat the original objfile as a file with the object code format 
           bfdname, and rewrite it in the same format. See Target Selection, 
           for more information. 

 --help 
           Show a summary of the options to strip and exit. 

 -I bfdname 
 --input-target=bfdname 
           Treat the original objfile as a file with the object code format 
           bfdname. See Target Selection, for more information. 

 -O bfdname 
 --output-target=bfdname 
           Replace objfile with a file in the output format bfdname. See Target 
           Selection, for more information. 

 -R sectionname 
 --remove-section=sectionname 
           Remove any section named sectionname from the output file.  This 
           option may be given more than once.  Note that using this option 
           inappropriately may make the output file unusable. 

 -s 
 --strip-all 
           Remove all symbols. 

 -g 
 -S 
 --strip-debug 
           Remove debugging symbols only. 

 --strip-unneeded 
           Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. 

 -K symbolname 
 --keep-symbol=symbolname 
           Keep only symbol symbolname from the source file.  This option may 
           be given more than once. 

 -N symbolname 
 --strip-symbol=symbolname 
           Remove symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may be 
           given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other 
           than -K. 

 -x 
 --discard-all 
           Remove non-global symbols. 

 -X 
 --discard-locals 
           Remove compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start with 
           `L' or `.'.) 

 -V 
 --version 
           Show the version number for strip. 

 -v 
 --verbose 
           Verbose output: list all object files modified.  In the case of 
           archives, `strip -v' lists all members of the archive. 


═══ 11. c++filt ═══

c++filt [ -_ | --strip-underscores ]
        u[ -n | --no-strip-underscores ]
        [ -s format | --format=format ]
        [ --help ]  [ --version ]  [ symbol... ]

The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can write 
many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters of different 
types).  All C++ function names are encoded into a low-level assembly label 
(this process is known as mangling). The c++filt program does the inverse 
mapping: it decodes (demangles) low-level names into user-level names so that 
the linker can keep these overloaded functions from clashing. 

Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, dollars, 
or periods) seen in the input is a potential label.  If the label decodes into 
a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level name in the output. 

You can use c++filt to decipher individual symbols: 

c++filt symbol

If no symbol arguments are given, c++filt reads symbol names from the standard 
input and writes the demangled names to the standard output.  All results are 
printed on the standard output. 

 -_ 
 --strip-underscores 
           On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in 
           front of every name.  For example, the C name foo gets the low-level 
           name _foo.  This option removes the initial underscore.  Whether 
           c++filt removes the underscore by default is target dependent. 

 -n 
 --no-strip-underscores 
           Do not remove the initial underscore. 

 -s format 
 --format=format 
           gnu nm can decode three different methods of mangling, used by 
           different C++ compilers.  The argument to this option selects which 
           method it uses: 

           gnu 
                          the one used by the gnu compiler (the default method) 

           lucid 
                          the one used by the Lucid compiler 

           arm 
                          the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference 
                          Manual 

 --help 
           Print a summary of the options to c++filt and exit. 

 --version 
           Print the version number of c++filt and exit. 

 Warning: c++filt is a new utility, and the details of its user interface are 
 subject to change in future releases.  In particular, a command-line option 
 may be required in the the future to decode a name passed as an argument on 
 the command line; in other words, 

  c++filt symbol

 may in a future release become 

  c++filt option symbol


═══ 12. nlmconv ═══

nlmconv converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare Loadable Module. 

Warning: nlmconv is not always built as part of the binary utilities, since it 
is only useful for NLM targets. 

nlmconv [ -I bfdname | --input-target=bfdname ]
        [ -O bfdname | --output-target=bfdname ]
        [ -T headerfile | --header-file=headerfile ]
        [ -d | --debug]  [ -l linker | --linker=linker ]
        [ -h | --help ]  [ -V | --version ]
        infile outfile

nlmconv converts the relocatable `i386' object file infile into the NetWare 
Loadable Module outfile, optionally reading headerfile for NLM header 
information.  For instructions on writing the NLM command file language used in 
header files, see the `linkers' section, `NLMLINK' in particular, of the NLM 
Development and Tools Overview, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's 
Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc. nlmconv uses the gnu Binary File 
Descriptor library to read infile; see BFD, for more information. 

nlmconv can perform a link step.  In other words, you can list more than one 
object file for input if you list them in the definitions file (rather than 
simply specifying one input file on the command line). In this case, nlmconv 
calls the linker for you. 

 -I bfdname 
 --input-target=bfdname 
           Object format of the input file.  nlmconv can usually determine the 
           format of a given file (so no default is necessary). See Target 
           Selection, for more information. 

 -O bfdname 
 --output-target=bfdname 
           Object format of the output file.  nlmconv infers the output format 
           based on the input format, e.g. for a `i386' input file the output 
           format is `nlm32-i386'. See Target Selection, for more information. 

 -T headerfile 
 --header-file=headerfile 
           Reads headerfile for NLM header information.  For instructions on 
           writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see 
           the `linkers' section, of the NLM Development and Tools Overview, 
           which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available from 
           Novell, Inc. 

 -d 
 --debug 
           Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by 
           nlmconv. 

 -l linker 
 --linker=linker 
           Use linker for any linking.  linker can be an abosolute or a 
           relative pathname. 

 -h 
 --help 
           Prints a usage summary. 

 -V 
 --version 
           Prints the version number for nlmconv. 


═══ 13. Selecting the target system ═══

You can specify three aspects of the target system to the gnu binary file 
utilities, each in several ways: 

     the target 

     the architecture 

     the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only) 

 In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in order 
 of decreasing precedence.  The ways listed first override those listed later. 

 The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the programs 
 you are running were configured.  If they were configured with 
 `--enable-targets=all', the commands list most of the available values, but a 
 few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at once because some of 
 them can only be configured native (on hosts with the same type as the target 
 system). 

 Target Selection 
 Architecture Selection 
 Linker Emulation Selection 


═══ 13.1. Target Selection ═══

A target is an object file format.  A given target may be supported for 
multiple architectures (see Architecture Selection). A target selection may 
also have variations for different operating systems or architectures. 

The command to list valid target values is `objdump -i' (the first column of 
output contains the relevant information). 

Some sample values are: `a.out-hp300bsd', `ecoff-littlemips', 
`a.out-sunos-big'. 

objdump Target 

Ways to specify: 

   1. command line option: `-b' or `--target' 

   2. environment variable GNUTARGET 

   3. deduced from the input file 

 objcopy and strip Input Target 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. command line options: `-I' or `--input-target', or `-F' or `--target' 

   2. environment variable GNUTARGET 

   3. deduced from the input file 

 objcopy and strip Output Target 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. command line options: `-O' or `--output-target', or `-F' or `--target' 

   2. the input target (see ``objcopy and strip Input Target'' above) 

   3. environment variable GNUTARGET 

   4. deduced from the input file 

 nm, size, and strings Target 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. command line option: `--target' 

   2. environment variable GNUTARGET 

   3. deduced from the input file 

 Linker Input Target 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. command line option: `-b' or `--format' (see Options) 

   2. script command TARGET (see Option Commands) 

   3. environment variable GNUTARGET (see Environment) 

   4. the default target of the selected linker emulation (see Linker Emulation 
      Selection) 

 Linker Output Target 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. command line option: `-oformat' (see Options) 

   2. script command OUTPUT_FORMAT (see Option Commands) 

   3. the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above) 


═══ 13.2. Architecture selection ═══

An architecture is a type of cpu on which an object file is to run.  Its name 
may contain a colon, separating the name of the processor family from the name 
of the particular cpu. 

The command to list valid architecture values is `objdump -i' (the second 
column contains the relevant information). 

Sample values: `m68k:68020', `mips:3000', `sparc'. 

objdump Architecture 

Ways to specify: 

   1. command line option: `-m' or `--architecture' 

   2. deduced from the input file 

 objcopy, nm, size, strings Architecture 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. deduced from the input file 

 Linker Input Architecture 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. deduced from the input file 

 Linker Output Architecture 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. script command OUTPUT_ARCH (see Option Commands) 

   2. the default architecture from the linker output target (see Target 
      Selection) 


═══ 13.3. Linker emulation selection ═══

A linker emulation is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives the linker 
default values for the other aspects of the target system. In particular, it 
consists of 

     the linker script 

     the target 

     several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking 
      process to do special things that some targets require 

 The command to list valid linker emulation values is `ld -V'. 

 Sample values: `hp300bsd', `mipslit', `sun4'. 

 Ways to specify: 

   1. command line option: `-m' (see Options) 

   2. environment variable LDEMULATION 

   3. compiled-in DEFAULT_EMULATION from `Makefile', which comes from EMUL in 
      `config/target.mt' 


═══ 14. Index ═══

Sorry, no cp index